In the intricate world of CNC machining, precision goes beyond just the measurements; it seeps into the spoken language of the shop floor. The deft hands that shape materials and the sophisticated machines facilitating them are interconnected by a language as precise as the work itself. This post is an array of terminology for beginners and professionals alike working in manufacturing. Whether you’re a seasoned machinist, or a curious onlooker, understanding and employing these terms not only enhances your professional credibility but underscores your fluency with the industry.
The Essentials
Every craft has a basic vocabulary that serves as the foundation, and CNC machining is no exception. These are the terms a newcomer will encounter on day one, the bread and butter of the machinery world.
1. CNC Machine
At the core of our discussion is the CNC machine itself. “CNC” stands for Computer Numerical Control, an innovative system that translates computer-generated designs into physical parts with unbeatable precision. These machines are the powerhouses that dominate the modern workshop, each with its unique capabilities and purposes.
2. Workpiece
The raw material that’s transformed into the final part is called the workpiece. This material can vary from metals like aluminum and steel to plastics or wood, depending on the CNC machine and the desired outcome.
3. Tooling
No CNC machine can function without its tools. Tooling refers to the cutting, drilling, or shaping instruments such as end mills, inserts, and drills, essential for the precision shaping of the workpiece material.
CNC Machining Specifics
Once you’ve mastered the basics, it’s time to tackle the specifics. These are the terms that describe the finer points of the CNC process and its many variables.
1. Axis
In CNC machining, we speak of axes in X, Y, and Z. The axes are the direction in which the machine can move, with the X-axis usually representing the horizontal movement, the Y-axis the vertical, and the Z-axis the depth or height movement.
2. G-Code
G-code is the language of the machine tool. It’s a set of instructions telling the machine what to do, where to move, and how fast to move.
3. M-Code
Adding nuance to the G-code, M-codes control the machine’s functions, such as turning the spindle on and off or controlling coolant systems.
4. Feed Rate
The feed rate is the speed at which a tool moves through the workpiece material during a cutting operation. It’s measured in distance per revolution or minute, depending on the type of movement.
5. Spindle Speed
The spindle speed is the rate at which the spindle of a machine tool rotates. This speed, measured in rotations per minute (RPM), affects the feed rate and the quality of the finished part.
6. Chip
In machining, the chip is the piece of material that is removed during the cutting of the workpiece. The type and size of the chip can indicate the efficiency of the operation and the condition of the tool.
7. Inches Per Minute (IPM)
Inches per minute (IPM) is a crucial measurement in CNC machining, denoting the rate at which the cutting tool progresses through the material. It is a vital parameter for programming the CNC machine, as it directly influences both the efficiency of the machining process and the quality of the finished product.
8. Surface Feet per Minute (SFM)
Surface Feet per Minute (SFM) is a measure of the velocity at which a cutting tool passes over the surface of the workpiece, crucial for optimizing cutting conditions. This parameter, important in material removal processes, directly influences tool life, surface finish, and machining efficiency. SFM is determined by the tool’s diameter and the spindle speed. A thorough understanding and careful adjustment of SFM values, according to material properties and tooling capabilities, are integral for achieving optimal machining performance and preserving tool integrity.
9. Tolerance
Engineering drawings specify the allowable deviation from a nominal dimension. This is the tolerance, and in CNC machining, hitting the tolerances consistently is the hallmark of a skilled machinist.
10. CAM Software
Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) software is used to create the 3D models and machine paths that are converted into G-code. It’s an essential tool for preparing programs for the CNC machine. We use Mastercam here at Innovative Machining for most of our CNC programming.
11. Workholding
Workholding refers to the equipment and methods used to secure the workpiece in place within the CNC machine. Clamps, vises, and fixtures are all forms of workholding accessories.
12. Tapping
Tapping is the process of creating internal threads in a drilled hole. The CNC machine uses special tools to ‘tap’ the workpiece, leaving behind the desired thread.
13. Turning
In contrast to milling, turning is the process of shaping material with a rotating workpiece. Lathes are often used for turning operations in CNC machining.
Industry-Specific Jargon
Industries often have their specialized terms that are specific to their operations and the work they do. In CNC machining, these terms can run the gamut from materials to methodologies.
1. Swiss Machining
Traditionally used for making parts for watches, Swiss machining is a process that allows for intricate and complex parts to be made with incredibly tight tolerances.
2. EDM
Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a process where an electrically conductive material is used with the CNC machine to cut into the workpiece with a series of rapidly recurring current discharges between two electrodes.
3. Hard Milling
Hard milling involves the use of specially designed end mills for cutting hardened materials.
4. Prototyping
In manufacturing, prototyping is the process of creating a preliminary version of a product prior to mass production. CNC machining is a popular choice for prototyping due to its precision and speed.
5. Agile/Lean Manufacturing
An approach to manufacturing that emphasizes flexibility and efficiency in meeting customer needs and allows for quick adaptations to changing market demands.
The Verdict
The language of CNC machining is constantly evolving as technology advances and new practices emerge. Staying current with the terminology that defines this space is not only a good practice but a necessary one for those looking to excel in the industry.
For manufacturers and engineers, a deep knowledge of these terms is like having the blueprint of their language. Each word is a tool, a piece of raw material, waiting to be honed into the well-crafted sentences that communicate not just the ‘what’ of manufacturing but the ‘how’ and ‘why’ too.
In speaking the language of CNC machining, professionals gain more than just effective communication skills. They stake their claim in the future of manufacturing, cementing their role in this vital and vibrant industry.
About Innovative Machining
Innovative Machining has been providing quality CNC machining services, assemblies, and fabrications since 1995. Located in Neenah, Wisconsin, Innovative has grown to over 125,000 square feet of manufacturing space. Through our climate-controlled shop, we offer horizontal CNC machining, vertical CNC machining, lathe (turning) CNC machining and more. With almost 30 years of company experience and a well tenured team with over 50+ years of combined experience, we have the know how to efficiently make your project come to life. Check out our capabilities today to discover what we can do for you!
